My+&+John

 To find out how five metals; iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium, zinc react when they are added to hydrochloric acid and using the data to rank the 5 metals in order from the most reactive down to the least reactive.
 * Some Metals Are More Reactive Than Others ** ​ Thursday, December 17th, 2009
 *  B.  ** **__ Aim __** :


 *  C.  ****__ Variables table: __**
 * ** Type of variable ** || ** What is changed/measured/controlled ** || ** How it is changed/measured/controlled **  ||
 * ** Independent ** || The types of metal. || Five different types of metals will be tested on in this experiment. They are iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium and zinc. Each of them will be placed inside a test tube which will also contain hydrochloric acid. ||
 * ** Dependent ** || The reactivity of each type of metal when placed in hydrochloric acid. || To measure this, one will observe substances and make qualitative observations on what one sees and feels. ||
 * ** Constant ** || The amount of hydrochloric acid and the amount of each metal. || 0.5g of each element will be placed into 5ml of hydrochloric acid. ||
 * ^  || The equipments || The same scale will be used to measure the weight in this experiment. The substances will be placed into the same type of test tube and the same type of balloon will be used. ||
 * ^  || The job of each person. || John will be measuring the hydrochloric acid and placing it into the test tube. My will be measuring the metal and placing them into the test tube containing the hydrochloric acid and placing the balloon over the test tube. My will also be videoing. Both John and My will be making qualitative observations. ||


 * D. ** **__ Hypothesis __** :
 * If** five metals are added with hydrochloric acid, t**hen** the list of the most reactive metal is zinc and the least reactive metal is magnesium b**ecause** the zinc has the most electrons while the magnesium has the least electrons (in this list of 5 metals) and the more electron an element has, the more energy levels they will have which means that it will be easier to take away their valence electron, thus making them more reactive.

· 0.5 gram of iron powder · 0.5 gram of aluminum powder · 0.5 gram of copper powder · 0.5 gram of magnesium powder · 0.5 gram of zinc powder · 25ml of Hydrochloric acid · 5 test tubes · 5 Petri dishes · A Stop watch <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· A Camera <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· A scale <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Test tube rack <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· A graduated cylinder <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· 5 balloons <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· A spatula <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· A Pipette
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;"> E.  ** **__ Equipment and Materials __** :

<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">1. Gather all equipments and materials <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">2. Measure 5ml of hydrochloric acid. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">3. Place 5ml of hydrochloric acid into a test tube. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">4. Repeat step 1 to 3 for 4 more times but each time, place the hydrochloric acid into a different test tube. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">5. Label each of the test tubes with one of the name of the metal (i.e. Fe, Al, Cu, Mg and Zn). <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">6. Measure 0.5g of iron powder using the scale. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">7. Place that 0.5g of iron into one of the test tube that is labeled Fe. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">8. Place a balloon over the mouth of that test tube (do this quickly). <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">9. Video the test tube containing the iron powder and the hydrochloric acid for about 20 seconds. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">10. Place that test tube back into the test tube rack. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">11. Repeat step 6 to 10 for 4 more times but each time, instead of using iron, use a different metal and place the metal into the test tube that is labeled with their chemical name (e.g. aluminum into the test tube that is labeled Al). Use the following list:
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;"> F.  ** **__ Method __** :
 * Aluminum – Al
 * Copper – Cu
 * Magnesium – Mg
 * Zinc – Zn

__**G. Diagram of Apparatus:**__ DIAGRAM OF EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS IN THIS EXPERIMENT

Table of qualitative observations of five metals; iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium and zinc when placed in 5ml of hydrochloric acid. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Small bubbles are floating up from the bottom <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some bubbles stay on the side of the test tube || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  The balloon is filled with little air <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Half of the balloon is filled with <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Half of the balloon is standing up || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Powder forms a clump on top of the hydrochloric acid <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some powder sank when test tube was shook <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The liquid looks very unclear and dusty <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The liquid is translucent <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The powder is shiny || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  The balloon is not inflating. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- It is not filled with air. || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some powder is not sinking <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Large bubbles covered in copper is floating up <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  The liquid looks very clear <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The liquid is transparent <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The bubbles are not popping <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The bubbles remained covered in copper || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  The balloon remains deflated. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The balloon is not filled with a noticeable amount of air. || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Powder is sinking <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some powder piece bounced up <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  The liquid is translucent <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Bubbles floating up <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  After about 10 minutes, the test tube cooled down. || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The balloon is filled with a very small amount of air. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- It is not standing up. || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some powder remain on top of the hydrochloric acid <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- After a while, all the powder sank. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Zinc powder is not spreading evenly <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The powder forms a lump <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Large bubbles floating up from the clump || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">-  The balloon is filled with some air <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The balloon is standing up || <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">*The following is the link to the videos of this experiment: []
 * __H. Observations__**
 * **Types of metals** ||
 * Qualitative observations of the reactions** ||
 * Qualitative observations of the balloon attached** ||
 * **Iron** || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Iron powder sank
 * **Aluminum** || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Powder is not sinking
 * **Copper** || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some powder is sinking
 * **Magnesium** || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- The test tube is hot
 * **Zinc** || <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;">- Some power is sinking

__**I. Processing and Presenting Data:**__ Inference from observations: The list of the most reactive to the least reactive metal is the following:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Magnesium
 * 2) Zinc
 * 3) Iron
 * 4) Copper
 * 5) Aluminum

**__ Conclusion __** : 1. Answer the aim with a sentence summarizing your data. According to the data, the most reactive metal was magnesium; the second most reactive was zinc; the third most reactive was iron; the fourth most reactive was copper; the least reactive metal was aluminum. The magnesium was the most reactive metal because as soon as the magnesium is added to hydrochloric acid, the test tube became very hot and the bubbles appeared. On the contrary, the aluminum was the least reactive metal because unlike magnesium, the powder did not even sink and there were no bubbles floating up. 2. Was the Hypothesis correct? The hypothesis was incorrect. The hypothesis predicted that zinc will be the most reactive and magnesium will be the least reactive. However looking at the result, magnesium is the most reactive and the least reactive is aluminum.

3. Where possible, compare the results to published data and/or theories. According to the Metals - Reactivity Series, the list of the most reactive to the least reactive metal (of the 5 metals tested in this experiment) is magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, and copper (Metals – Reactivity). The result of this experiment the result is not the same as the information on this site. Magnesium was however, shown in both the result and the site as the most reactive metals. Nevertheless, all of the other metals did not have the same rank of reactivity in the result and the site.

4. Explain the conclusion scientifically. The reactivity of a metal depends on several things. The five metals in this experiment, like every other elements, wants to become stable octet. The closer the metal is from being stable octet, the more reactive the metal will be. This is due to the fact that every element will react in order to be stable octet, take the example of the Nobel gases; they are stable octet so they will not react with other elements. So in this case, the magnesium was the most reactive because it is the closest to become stable octet as it needs to give 2 electrons away while the other metals need to gain/lose a larger a larger number of electrons in order to be stable octet. In order for aluminum to be stable octet, it needed to lose 3 electrons. Another thing that will help determine the reactivity of a metal is the distance of the valence electrons and the nucleus. The larger the distance is, the more reactive the metal will be due to the fact that it will be easier to take the valence electrons away from them. The protons within the nucleus will not have as strong of a force of attraction on the electrons that are further away. “ The 'grip' an atom has on its outermost electrons is dependent on the atomic radius — the distance from the electron to the nucleus” ( Metals, their Properties).

1. Reliability: <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The data was not very reliable as the measurements were not repeated. This means that the data could have been all wrong. In addition, the result of this experiment is different from the information shown on the <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Metals - Reactivity Series site (stated above in the conclusion). Therefore, the data and result of this lab is not reliable.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;"> K.  ** **__ Evaluation __** :

2. Validity: The variables chosen were correct. The independent variable was the thing that was changed in this experiment. However, as there were some uncontrolled variables, some other things were also changed. An example is the amount of each solid, which is explained below in the table of weaknesses and improvements below. The dependent variable, however, was the only thing which was measured in this experiment. Therefore, it was not completely invalid but cannot be considered as valid. In addition, the method could also be improved. To improve, one must add some steps like timing how long each metal reaction should be observed. 3. Table of weaknesses and improvements: 4. Why this was a fair test: There was intended to be one independent variable in this experiment, which is the type of metal. In addition, most of the constant variables (the job of each person and the equipments) were controlled in this experiment. Therefore, this experiment has some quality of a fair test. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> __ **Works Cited (Noodletools)** __ "Metals - Reactivity Series." //Slideshare//. N.p., 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. < []>. // Metals + Hydrochloric Acid //. //Youtube//. Sciencoking, 3 July 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. <<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[] >.
 * ** Weaknesses ** || ** Improvements ** ||
 * In this experiment one person did both placing the metal in the test tube and the balloon over the test tubes. Thus, the balloon was not placed over the test tube very quickly. This means that some of gas which were produced by the chemical reaction could have escaped, influencing the results. || To quicken the process of placing the balloon over the test tube, one person should place the metal in while the other should be placing the balloon over the test tube immediately after. ||
 * We did not time how long to watch the reactivity of the metals. Therefore, we were making observations of the metals at different time (e.g. we could have been observing the aluminum for 5 minutes and the iron for only 2 minutes). || To improve this, we should use a stop watch to time how long we observe each metal. This allows the data to be more accurate. ||
 * We did not use exactly 5 grams of all the metals. This is because of some the metals spill out side of the test tube when they were being placed into the hydrochloric acid. Some of the aluminum and copper powder were also stuck to the Petri dishes. This could have influence the results because the reaction will probably be bigger with more metal. || Next time, to improve, the metals should be measured in the test tube and not in the Petri dish. ||

"Metals, their Properties and Reactivity - a Beginners' Guide." //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BBC //. N.p., 10 May 2005. Web. 17 Dec. 2009. < <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[] >.

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