Chaiyawat+&+Yeo+Min


 * __A: Title and Date: __ **

**The Reactions of 5 different metals with hydrochloric acid ** 
 * Thursday 10th December 2009 **
 * __B: Aim:__**

To observe the reactivity between 5 metals (Al, Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe) and hydrochloric acid, and to rank them according to the reaction's intensity


 * __C: Variables: __**

Different Kinds of Metals in Powder form || 
 * The Variable Table**
 * **Independent ** ||

Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) || Reaction/Time ||
 * **Dependent ** ||

Limit the time (2 minutes) and observe the reaction. || Hydrochloric Acid || 10ml || Amount of the Metals || One Spoon of the metals (powder form, approximately 1g) ||
 * **Constant ** ||
 * __D: Hypothesis: __**

If we change the metal we put in, then the reaction of them will get violent if the element is further away from full valence shell, or if they have too many valence shell, because both of them make the element unstable.

·  Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), 50 ml ·   Approximately 1 gram of each metal. ·  A stop watch ·  5 Test Tubes ·  Test Tube Rack <span style="msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastlanguage: KO; msolist: Ignore;">·  A Pipette <span style="msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastlanguage: KO; msolist: Ignore;">·  A Spoon
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">E: Equipment and Materials __**


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">F: __** __**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Method: **__

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">1. <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Gather all your material <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">2. <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Pour Hydrochloric acid 10ml in to the test tube <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">3. <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Then put some chunks of metal in to the test tube with the hydrochloric acid, and you have to do one at a time. <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">4. <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Start the stop watch at the same time when put the metal in to the test tubes <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">5. <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Observe what happens and record down the observations for 2 minutes 6.Repeat number 2 to number 6.


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">G: Diagram of Apparatus __**


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">H: Observations: __**

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bubbles on the zinc || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Zinc got smaller. == <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Both sides turned white and they are peeling off by it. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Strong reaction <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and the Magnesium turned white. == <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">We can also hear sounds, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and heat was coming out. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Everything disappeared. ==
 * The Reaction of 5 metals and Hydrochloric Acid**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What Happened in 2 minutes || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After 2 or 3 days ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Zinc || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Some bubbles came up slowly. ==
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Magnesium || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bubbles quickly and steam came out. ==

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The acid became clearer.
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There are only a little bit <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">of magnesium <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> left. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Copper || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Changes the colour. ==

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">It bubbles a bit, and it also stick to the side of the test tube.
==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Little piecie break and floating on top, also some parts broke from the copper and then was stuck at the bottom. == <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There are some holes in the copper but it didn’t go through. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The colour <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> c <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">hange <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">d <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> to white. == <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The copper became rusty. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There is a huge bubble stuck on the iron and more bubbles are floating up and down. == <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The liquid is transparent. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The acid’s colour turned into yellow and the iron powder rusted == || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">It gets a bit wet, but it doesn’t melt at all. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The acid and the powders were separated completely. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Malgun Gothic'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> == || Based on the observations we had came up with which metal react better to the acid: 1. Magnesium 2. Zinc 3. Iron 4. Copper 5. Aluminium
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Iron || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">It was bubbling and some parts of the iron are floating on top of the acid ==
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aluminum || ==<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">It doesn’t sink when it meets the acid. ==
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most Reactive Metals: **

__**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J: Conclusion: **__<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">

1. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The most reactive metal was Magnesium, then Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Aluminium.

2. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The results supported the hypothesis that the element will be most reactive when it is unstable, because of the reasons such as not many electrons in the last valance shell or holding up too many valence shells. For example, Magnesium had only 2 electrons in the last valence shell while other had more.

3.

//<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The greater the ease with which an element loses its electrons and acquires a positive charge, the greater is its reactivity. Further, the greater the number of shells and lesser the number of valence electrons, the greater is the reactivity of the metal. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">” //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Author Unknown) Given this fact, we could know that the more stable the element is (when an element has more electron in its last valence shell), the less reactive the element is. Since it takes more energy to take more electrons than less number of electrons, the reaction will be softer. Also, when an element has more number of valence shell while it has less number of electrons in the last valence shell, the reaction will be even more violent, since the nucleus cannot hold the electrons further away, meaning electrons are almost free, reaction will happen easier.

The result was not that reliable because we haven't repeated the experiment again to check, and since we didn't measure the amount of metal we put in.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">__K: Evalutation__ **1.

2. The method was easy to follow, and you can do exactly what the method tells you. The method tells us not to do all the experiment at the same time because if we do then we won’t be able to record the observation correctly and detailed.

3. the amount of metals we use || <span style="display: block; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; msofareastfontfamily: Batang; text-align: center;">Measure the amount of metals we will use. || we used solid for copper || Use same form of the metal. || 4. This was a fair test because we had clearly set out method. Also, we measured the amount of hydrochloric acid each time we put in. We used different spoon to put metals in each time in order to prevent putting small portion of other metals in the acid. Another thing that made this a fair test was that we had a stop watch to measure time correctly.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Weakness ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Improvements ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; msofareastfontfamily: Batang; text-align: center;">We didn’t measure
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; msofareastfontfamily: Batang; msofareastlanguage: KO; text-align: center;">We used both powder and a solid type;